Rail

• Design measures that mitigate the rise of transport emissions as demand grows in Southeast Asia and connectivity improves.
• Target maritime transport as a critical sector for decarbonising freight transport in Southeast Asia.
• Improved vehicle technologies will be important for decarbonising road transport as demand increases.
• Electrify rail networks to reduce emissions.
• Improve cross-border trade facilitation to enhance connectivity.
• Accelerate aviation's technology and fuel transition to reduce emissions.
• Leverage decarbonisation opportunities offered by urban transport.

• Regulate mobility operators and MaaS providers separately.
• Adopt an explicitly pro-competitive approach to MaaS in policy and legislation.
• Clearly establish the status of MaaS providers via a licensing scheme.
• Review conditions for mobility operator licences to ensure they do not include barriers to developing MaaS.
• Add mandatory minimum data-sharing requirements relating to informational and operational data to licences for mobility operators.
• Build mandatory consumer data portability, subject to user consent, into the conditions of all mobility operator and MaaS provider licences.
• Adopt competition safeguards as part of the MaaS provider licensing framework.
• Ensure public transport operators have the freedom to negotiate the terms of public transport ticket resale with MaaS providers who, in turn, should be free to determine the pricing of services to consumers.
• Apply OECD and EU best practice principles on regulatory policy and governance to inform approaches to regulating MaaS.
• Make data reporting requirements to public authorities specific and directly related to regulatory tasks.
• The Good Move policy package should remain the key vehicle for implementing sustainable urban mobility policies.

• Set clear mitigation targets for the transport sector.
• Ensure national decarbonisation plans are fully reflected in the NDCs.
• Break down silos between transport and related sectors. Include all stakeholders.
• Enhance coordination of climate policy across national ministries.

• Integrate clear decarbonisation requirements into government support packages helping the sector recover from the Covid-19 crisis.
• Establish a clear long-term vision for decarbonising air transport by setting and monitoring emissions reduction targets aligned with the Paris Agreement.
• Support an international approach to mitigating the climate change impacts of aviation while implementing decarbonisation policies domestically and on a regional level.
• Introduce carbon pricing in aviation to drive an efficient transition to a greener aviation sector.
• Put in place timely and ambitious fuel quality requirements to encourage the take up of sustainable aviation fuels.
• Strengthen the effectiveness of regulatory frameworks to further energy efficiency improvements of aircraft.
• Encourage research, development and deployment of alternative propulsion systems and clean fuels, supported by clear policy frameworks for de-risking industry investments to ramp up fuel production.
• Factor in the non-CO2 climate impacts of air transport when designing decarbonisation policies.

• Anchor the governance of Mobility as a Service in a strategic vision, applied to the whole functional urban area and informed by effective digital monitoring
• Seek greater understanding of how Mobility as a Service can add value for the user
• Guide Mobility as a Service where necessary to achieve agreed societal outcomes
• Adopt a flexible and light-handed regulatory approach towards Mobility as a Service platforms
• Adopt a predictable regulatory approach and allow for evolution
• Enhance public transport authorities’ and operators’ ability to negotiate terms of sale and re-use of tickets with Mobility as a Service providers
• Base data-sharing frameworks on the principle of “as open as possible, as closed as necessary”
• Build data portability into the MaaS ecosystem by default
• Consider common building blocks for sharing data
• Establish data-reporting requirements that are proportionate and targeted to outcomes
• Adopt complementary policies in other areas to ensure that the Mobility as a Service ecosystem contributes to desired policy outcomes
• Invest in the built environment and interchange facilities
• Skill sets will need to evolve to improve the public authority’s capacity to regulate and assess digital markets

• Align Covid-19 recovery packages to revive the economy, combat climate change and strengthen equity.
• Implement much more ambitious policies that will reverse the growth of transport CO2 emissions.
• Target different transport sectors with strategies that reflect their specific decarbonisation potential and challenges.
• Support innovation to accelerate the technological breakthroughs needed to decarbonise transport.
• Shift the priority to improving accessibility.
• Intensify collaboration with non-transport sectors and between public and private actors. 

• Increase the energy efficiency of new and existing ships.
• Leverage public sector procurement to stimulate the electrification of short-distance shipping.
• Introduce regulations on lifecycle emissions of maritime fuels.
• Put in place carbon pricing for shipping and policies that can reduce the carbon content of shipping fuels.
• Advance the discussion on market-based mechanisms at the International Maritime Organization.
• Launch pilot projects to gain experience with new fuels and accelerate the adoption of safety guidelines.

• Ensure that vehicle safety regulations and standards for electric and hydrogen cover all classes of road vehicles and better differentiate between light and heavy vehicles.
• Leverage the experience of international regulatory fora to extend the coverage of safety-related requirements to heavy electric vehicles.
• Ensure that the scope of regulations on the safety of hydrogen-powered heavy vehicles addresses aspects that are currently not adequately considered.
• Involve diverse transport and energy stakeholders in the development of charging standards for electric heavy vehicles.
• Address missing elements in regulations and standards related to electric road systems.
• Develop hydrogen refuelling protocols for heavy vehicles using gaseous storage at 70 MPa, new nozzles and instruments guaranteeing compliance with stringent fuel quality requirements.
• Increase the focus of pre-normative research on the safe use of low- and zero emission vehicles with existing vehicle infrastructure, especially for hydrogen-powered options.
• Harmonise regulations on tailpipe GHG emissions and energy consumption of heavy vehicles, also integrating instruments evaluating energy use for low- and zero-emission vehicles.
• Fully integrate electricity and hydrogen into regulatory policies on low-carbon fuels.
• Address non-regulated pollutants and integrate hydrogen-powered vehicles using internal combustion engines in regulations on tailpipe pollutant emissions.
• Address the environmental performance of vehicle batteries with regulatory innovation targeting their durability, carbon footprint and the sustainability of associated supply chains.
• Develop an internationally harmonised regulatory framework for the application of differentiated road charges and access restrictions based on environmental performances of vehicles.

• Let government plan transport services, but at a decentralised level.
• Consider corporatising publicly operated transport services.
• Pay close attention to system design where competition in public transport provision is introduced.
• Pay attention to service quality as well as costs to achieve a sustainable public transport system.
• Take the broader urban context into account in designing and adopting public transport reforms.

• Re-orient and harmonise maritime subsidy policies.
• Clarify objectives of maritime subsidies.
• Make maritime subsidies more conditional on positive impacts.
• Design maritime subsidies in ways that avoid market distortions.
• Improve transparency around maritime subsidies.

• Improve the collection and dissemination of disaggregated data on the level and characteristics of private investments in transport infrastructure.

Editor:

Policy Insights

• Adopt a presumption toward repeal of shipping-specific block exemptions from competition law.
• Improve project appraisal for port and hinterland infrastructure and adopt common principles for port pricing.
• Establish more coherent ports policies to clarify roles and reduce risk of creating over-capacity.